Abstract The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic diversity, using ISSR markers, of 70 genotypes of five species of Passiflora spp. in Boyacá, Colombia. For molecular characterization, samples of young leaves were collected from 11 municipalities of the Boyacá department. Genetic similarity was used to cluster the genotypes by the UPGMA method, and genetic structure was evaluated by the Bayesian model. Eight ISSR primers produced 138 loci. The formed cluster consists of two populations, with most individuals of the same species but from different geographic origins. The percentage of polymorphic loci is higher than 80%. The average value of heterozygosity is between 0.29 and 0.36 for population I and II, respectively, and the values of polymorphic information content are low. A moderate genetic differentiation (0.16) and high gene flow (3.35) are observed.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética, por meio de marcadores ISSR, de 70 genótipos de cinco espécies de Passiflora spp. em Boyacá, Colômbia. Para a caracterização molecular, foram coletadas folhas jovens em 11 municípios do departamento de Boyacá. A similaridade genética foi utilizada para o agrupamento dos genótipos pelo método UPGMA, e a estrutura genética foi avaliada pelo modelo Bayesiano. Oito iniciadores ISSR produziram 138 locos. O agrupamento formado consiste de duas populações, com a maioria dos indivíduos da mesma espécie mas de diferentes origens geográficas. A percentagem de locos polimórficos é superior a 80%. O valor médio de heterozigosidade fica entre 0,29 e 0,36 para a população I e II, respectivamente, e os valores de conteúdo de informação polimórfica são baixos. Observa-se diferenciação genética moderada (0,16) e alto fluxo gênico (3,35).

ABSTRACT Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is an Andean crop with great nutritional value, economic potential, and a broad genetic and phenotypic diversity with adaptation to different conditions. In Colombia, C. quinoa is cultivated mainly in Cundinamarca, Nariño and Boyacá, where studies have been conducted to characterize the germplasm and lack of seed materials, some challenges for the quinoa crop. This work assessed agromorphological characteristics of 50 quinoa genotypes from the germplasm collection of Boyacá the using a completely randomized design on the farm in Tunja. The multivariate analysis followed by a clustering approach were conducted on agromorphological descriptors, in which 16 were qualitative descriptors (e.g, panicle shape, episperm color, leaf shape) and five quantitative descriptors (e.g, plant height, panicle number). The results showed that higher coefficients of variation were found in characteristics associated to yield. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the quantitative variables showed that the first two components explained 88 % of the total variation with the characteristics of plant height, length, diameter, and panicle number showing the highest variability. The quantitative characteristic clusters comprised length and diameter panicle, weight 1,000 seeds, and plant height, while the qualitative characteristic clusters comprised stem shape, branching habit, panicle shape, and color of the axils. The factorial analysis of mixed data discriminated the materials with outstanding morphoagronomic characteristics. Agromorphological characterization revealed a broad variability, which should be conserved and used in genetic improvement programs of C. quinoa.

ABSTRACT Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a pseudocereal with seeds that are a rich source of vitamins and minerals. However, there are few studies on quinoa seed quality, especially for the Colombian germplasm. So, the objective of this research was to determine the quality of 22 quinoa materials from the Department of Boyacá by evaluating the physical (color, shape and diameter) and physiological (tetrazolium test) quality of the seeds. It was found that 36% of the materials had a white grain color, 80% cylindrical shape, 65% smooth edges and diameters smaller than 2mm, desirable characteristics for post-harvest processes. The evaluated physical characteristics presented high variability between the evaluated materials, which is desirable for elite breeding processes. The imbibition rate showed that germination was rapid (at 4 hours, the weight of the seeds doubled), that is, the materials were not dormant. Finally, it was determined that storage conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, are essential for preventing deterioration in quinoa seeds; these factors can also affect germination and long-term vigor.

RESUMEN Capsicum spp es un cultivo hortícola de interés agronómico y es considerado como el cuarto vegetal de mayor importancia en el mundo, al ser una importante fuente nutricional, medicinal y generadora de empleo en los trópicos. En esta especie la variabilidad genética es amplia y con gran potencial el cual ha sido aprovechado para generar variedades sobresalientes. En este sentido, los programas de mejoramiento buscan diferentes alternativas que conduzcan a la integración de nuevas técnicas para acelerar la producción de variedades mejoradas con características agronómicas deseables, tales objetivos se pueden lograr con la producción de plantas haploides y doble haploides, por vía androgénica o ginogenética, siendo el enfoque más utilizado la androgénesis para cultivos de pimentón. El propósito de esta revisión es dar a conocer los resultados de diferentes investigaciones en la obtención de haploides y doble haploides en cultivares de Capsicum spp. y su impacto en el mejoramiento genético de este cultivo.

ABSTRACT Capsicum spp. is a horticultural crop of agronomic interest and is considered the fourth most important vegetable in the world. It is an important nutritional and medicinal source, and its production generates employment in the tropics. In this species, the genetic variability is wide and with great potential, which has been exploited to generate outstanding varieties. Breeding programs seek different alternatives to accelerate the production of improved varieties with desirable agronomic characteristics. These objectives can be achieved with the production of haploid and doubled haploid plants via androgenesis or gynogenesis, being androgenesis the approach most used for paprika cultures. The purpose of this review is to present the results of different researches in obtaining haploids and doubled haploids in cultivars of Capsicum spp. and its impact on the genetic improvement of this crop.

Resumo O gênero Passiflora, comumente conhecido como frutos da paixão, inclui numerosas espécies, entre as quais o gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. ), edulis cnhecido como maracujá-roxo, de importância nutracética e econômica, tanto para o consumo in natura quanto para a sua aplicabilidade agroindustrial. A presente investigação foi desenvolvida para avaliar os efeitos de vários tratamentos pré-germinativos na germinação de sementes de gulupa do município de Ramiriqui (Boyacá), tais como: exposição ao peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl), ácido giberélico (GA3), embebição em água destilada e estratificação a 4 °C, em concentrações e tempos de exposição variáveis (24 e 48 horas), em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de 50 sementes cada. A análise estatística mostrou diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, sendo o H2O2 a 15% o mais eficaz, com uma porcentagem de germinação (PG) de 88% nas sementes expostas por 48 horas. Na presença de hipoclorito de sódio, as porcentagens foram inferiores a 36-40%. O GA3 a 100 ppm, por 24 horas, registrou 51% de PG, em outras concentrações desse regulador de crescimento , e nos tempos de exposição esse valor foi menor. O uso de peróxido de hidrogênio não foi relatado como tratamento para induzir germinação no gênero Passiflora. Considerando os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, sua aplicação no tratamento de sementes, em espécies vegetais pode ser uma alternativa viável, eficaz, econômica e de fácil aplicação.

Abstract The genus Passiflora, commonly known as fruits of passion, includes numerous species, including gulupa (Passiflora edulis f. edulis), of nutracetic and economic importance, both for consumption in nature and for its agro-industrial applicability. This research was developed to evaluate the effects of various pre-germinative treatments on the germination of gulupa seeds from the municipality of Ramiriquí (Boyacá), such as: exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorite of sodium (NaOCl), gibberellic acid (GA3), distilled water imbibition and stratification at 4 °C, in varying concentrations and exposure times (24 and 48 hours), using an experimental design completely random, with three repetitions of 50 seed each one. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between treatments, with H2O2 being 15% the most effective, with a germination percentage (PG) of 88% in exposed seeds for 48 hours. In the presence of NaOCl the percentages were lower 36 - 40%. GA3 at 100 ppm for 24 hours recorded 51% PG, at the other concentrations of this growth regulator and exposure times this value was lower. The use of H2O2 has not been reported as a treatment to induce germination in the genus Passiflora. These results can be applied for the treatment of seeds in plant species can be a viable, effective, economical and easily applicable alternative.